Text Transcript with Description of Visuals
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| [Music] Welcome to the last video of module three of ABEJAS. | ABEJAS Logo in front of a bee sitting at hive entrance Title: Module 3.4 Honey Bee Adult Diseases |
| This last video will give you more information about what diseases or infections affect honey bee adults. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera |
| These pathogens weaken bees, reduce active foraging, and increase mortality. | Bee crawling on yellow flower then flying away |
| Before identifying sick bees. First learn about what healthy adult bees look like. Healthy adult bees look fuzzy and have intact wings. | Bees crawling on top of hive frame. Text on screen: Healthy adult honey bees |
| Older forager bees look less fuzzy, appear greasy, and have tattered wings. | Bee crawling on white flower. Text on screen: An older healthy bee |
| Healthy adult bees move around the colony in a predictable way. Healthy bees can perform waggle dances to communicate where food provisions are located but don’t twitch in a strange manner. | Whole hive frame with many bees and a queen. Cells underneath bees are full of brood. Text on screen: Healthy, organized bees |
| As you learned in the first video in this module, Varroa mites are parasites that feed on the bee’s bodies as they feed they transmit viruses. | Red mite on adult bee. Text on screen: Varroa mites transmit viruses |
| The video before this one covered the various brood diseases and what signs honeybee brood may have when infected with certain viruses. | Bee on hive frame twitching or trying to shake mite off body, mite on her back is circled in red. Text on screen: This bee looks distressed; it has a Varroa mite between its thorax and abdomen |
| There are several viruses that directly impact honey bees’ ability to fly and live normal lives, but not all adults or brood will have visible signs if they are infected with certain viruses. | Many bees flying onto and crawling into hive entrance. Text on screen: Adult bees and their offspring can be infected with viruses without showing any visible signs |
| One example is the recently identified Lake Sinai virus. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera. Text on screen: Lake Sinai virus |
| This virus seems to be closely associated with Varroa infestation and Nosema infection. Currently, there are no diagnostic signs that bees are infected with this virus other than it’s associated with weak or collapsing colonies. | Scientist pipetting liquid out of a dark bottle in fume hood, dispensing liquid into tubes, and putting the tubes in a molecular machine [Credited footage: Project Apis m]. Text on screen: Diagnostic laboratories can confirm suspected viral infections |
| Nosemosis or Nosema disease, is caused by a single celled, microsporidian parasite that infects honey bee digestive systems. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera. Text on screen: Nosemosis or Nosema disease. Computer screen with a grid and oval spores appears. |
| There are two types of Nosema in the United States. Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Nosema ceranae is more common now. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera. Image appears of two microscopic spores [Image credited: Robert Paxton]. Text on screen: Transmission election micrographs of spores of (A) Nosema cerane and (B) Nosema apis |
| Nosema infection begins when a bee ingests spores. When a spore is in the ideal conditions, they will explosively replicate. | Bees flying above a puddle of water in a grassy field |
| Replication causes damage to the honeybee digestive system. Nosema takes nutrients from the bees, so the bees consume more food, but they are not satiated. | Bees head first in hexagonal cells on hive frame. Text on screen: Bees consuming nectar |
| Nosema can be transmitted in a number of ways, such as drinking contaminated water or when an infected bee feeds from another bee called trophallaxis. | Bees flying above a puddle of water in a grassy field, two bees feeding each other on hive frame, red circle appears around bee tongues. Text on screen: Nosema can be transmitted by drinking contaminated water, or trophallaxis |
| Infection of adult bees can cause difficulty digesting food, producing brood food, and a reduced overall lifespan. When honey bees are infected with Nosema, you may observe a declining population, poor honey production, reduced brood production, or k-wing. | Bees crawling on a hive frame, one bee’s wings are spread out from each other, red circle appears around wings. Text on screen: When bees are infected with Nosema, you may observe declining population, poor honey production, reduced brood production, K-wing |
| Honey bee wings are normally held together by little hooks called hamuli. If a bee is sick, the hooks can become unhooked from the other wing leading to the wing looking k-shaped. This abnormal angle that the bee’s wings rest at is referred to as k-wing. | Bees crawling on a top of wooden frame, wings are spread out from each other, red circle appears around wings. Text on screen: K-wing |
| Nosema apis is associated with dysentery, but is not known to cause it. If a bee is sick with dysentery or diarrhea and poops inside the hive, another bee may ingest Nosema through fecal matter when cleaning. | Hive box with many yellow smears on front. Text on screen: Dysentery on outside of a hive |
| None of these signs are unique to Nosema infection. Some signs could mean the bees are starving, consuming spoiled food, or are infected with viruses. Microscopic or genetic examination of your bees are the only accurate ways to see if they have Nosema. | Yellow liquid inside a plastic bag. Person wearing blue gloves uses pipette to draw out liquid, puts small droplet of liquid into a microscope slide chamber, then looks through microscope. Person points to spores in an image on the computer screen. Text on screen: Learn how to diagnose Nosema microscopically (in Spanish or in English) – bees.wsu.edu/diagnostics/ |
| The best way to manage Nosema is to maintain strong colonies. Manage your colonies well by reducing their stressors, providing proper nutrition, and managing pest infestations. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera. Text on screen: To manage Nosema, maintain strong colonies. |
| The only registered treatment for Nosema in the U.S. is Fumagillin which has a brand name, Fumagilin-B, or Fumidil-B. | Beekeeper reading label on jar, pouring powder into a bucket with liquid, then pouting liquid into a tank. Text on screen: Fumagillin can be used to treat Nosema |
| We mentioned Deformed Wing Virus, DWV for short, in our video about Varroa. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera. Text on screen: Deformed wing virus (DWV) |
| This virus can cause adults to have malformed wings that appear crumpled, twisted or stunted, which impairs flights. Bees with deformed wings have shorter lifespans and only live a few days after emerging. | Bee with malformed wings crawls on hive frame with two mites on top of her. Text on screen: This bee has DWV and two Varroa mites |
| DWV is a significant concern because it can contribute to colony decline. | Two bees with malformed wings crawls on hive frame. Red circle appears around malformed bees. Text on screen: Deformed wing virus (DWV) |
| Managing Varroa is crucial to controlling DWV and maintaining colony health. [Music] | Many bees crawling on a hive frame, five circles appear to show mites are visible on backs of bees. Text on screen: This colony has deformed wing virus and a high Varroa mite load |
| There are a handful of bee paralysis viruses that paralyze adult bees. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera |
| Acute Bee Paralysis Virus, Kashmir Virus, and Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus are all associated with Varroa infestations. | Bee with a mite on its back sits on a hive frame, red circle appears around bee. Text on screen: Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir virus, and Israeli acute paralysis virus are all associated with Varroa infestations |
| Signs include weakened immune systems, paralysis, bees unable to fly, crawling, and trembling behaviors before dying outside the hive. | Bee crawling on grass |
| Shivering wings, body color darkening, and shiny looking bees due to hair loss. | Bee on entrance of hive is very dark brown or black color, red circle appears around bee. |
| Chronic bee paralysis virus, CBPV, can turn the bodies of adult bees dark and hairless. Bees can have erratic behaviors including paralysis, crawling, and trembling wings. Dark, shiny bees are the most recognized sign of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus. | Dark honey bee crawling on hive frame amongst many healthy bees. Red circle appears around bee [Credited footage: Montana State University, Flenniken Lab] Text on screen: Dark hairless bees many be infected with a virus |
| Colonies with this virus may have many bees crawling outside the hive that are trembling and flightless. This sign may be mistaken for pesticide poisoning. | Bee crawling on grass. Text on screen: Bees “crawling” outside of the hive |
| Black Queen Cell Virus primarily impacts queen bees and can lead to their death. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera. Text on screen: Black Queen Cell Virus |
| Black Queen Cell Virus, as the name says, can only be identified directly in developing queen bees. A queen will die during pupation and turn black. This virus is primarily a concern for queen producers. This virus is thought to be transmitted by nurse bees feeding queen larvae infected brood food. | Queen cell on white background with shriveled black bee inside [Credited footage: Montana State University, Flenniken Lab] Text on screen: A queen cell with Black Queen Cell Virus. This queen pupa is black and dead inside of the queen cell as a result of Black Queen Cell Virus |
| This module covered information on honey bee parasites, pests, predators, and pathogens that can be detrimental to honey bee colonies. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera |
| Applying knowledge about honey bee diseases to commercial beekeeping involves diagnosing and managing diseases effectively, implementing preventative measures, using appropriate treatments, monitoring hive health, and continuing education like these videos. It also requires a comprehensive approach that combines practical management strategies with ongoing learning and adaptation to maintain healthy, productive colonies. | Group of beekeepers inside an office space having a conversation Drone footage of ten pallets of honey bee colonies in a circular formation Two beekeepers smiling Beekeeper putting on safety glasses Beekeeper inspecting both sides of honey bee frame Beekeeper puffing smoke into entrance of a hive box Sugar syrup being poured into colony with a hose |
| Remember that he more hands on experience you gain, the more you will feel familiar and confident handling bees, how to diagnose issues in a honey bee colony such as queen issues, diseases or malnutrition, and recognizing what management decisions need to take place when issues arise. | Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera ABEJAS logo, list of videos from Module 1, 2, 3 and @wsubeeprogram YouTube Logo appears |
| [Music] | Truck carrying many honey bee colonies and towing forklift drives away Overlay of WSU Bee Program, Washington State University, Wonderstone Films, United States Department of Agriculture, Project Apis m, Miller Honey Farms, and University of Minnesota Extension logos appear Scrolling list of people involved in development of videos appears |
| If you’ve enjoyed this video, please subscribe to the channel and leave us a comment below to let us know what additional topics you would like us to cover in future videos. | A beekeeper closing a clapperboard that says “WSU ABEJAS English” Beekeeper in an apiary talking to camera |